Differenrate
The Number Of Bond Between Of Alkanes
And Alkenes
1. Alkanes
Alkane
compounds are the simplest carbon chains. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon
compounds because they have a single bond. General formula of alkanes CnH2n +
2. The simplest compound of alkanes is methane. Methane has only one carbon
atom binding four H atoms. The following table presents the first straight
chain alkana data. Based on the table in front can be seen that the difference
of the above ten compounds lies in the number of methylene groups (- CH2 -).
Compounds with such conditions are called homologous. The composition of the
compound is made such that the difference with its near neighbor is only at the
number of methylene called the homologous series.
a. Names
of alkanes
The alkana naming
follows the IUPAC system, which is a nomenclature system based on the idea that
the structure of an organic compound can be used to derive its name and vice
versa, that a unique structure can be drawn for each name.nBasic IUPAC system
is a straight chain alkane.
1) Alkanes straight
chain (not branched)
The straight chain
alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms as listed in the
table above. Sometimes it is added normally (n) in front of the alkana name.
2) Cyclic alkanes
(closed chain)
Cyclical (closed)
cyclic alkanes are named by the number of carbon atoms in the ring, with the
addition of cyclo-prefixes.
3) Branched alkanes
(have side chains)
Alkane compounds
sometimes bind to other elements of one or more carbon atoms. Other elements in
the alkane chain are called substituents. The type of alkane substituent that
is often encountered is the alkyl group. The alkyl group is an alkane that
loses 1 H atom. The equation is the same as alkanes, only the ending is changed
to -il. The formula is generally CnH2n + 1. The following table presents the
series of alkyl groups.
If the alkane has a
side chain then the naming follows the rules as follows.
1. The longest chain is
the main chain.
2. The main chain is
numbered starting from the end of the chain having substituents.
3. Order sequence name:
branch number, branch name, name of the main chain alkana.
4. If there is a methyl
group on atom C number 2, the alkane name is prefixed with iso.
5. If the alkane has
the same branch more than one, the branch name is combined into one and given
the prefix di- (number of branches are two), tri- (number of branches is 3),
tetra- (number of branches is four).
6. If alkanes have
different branches, name writing is sorted in alphabetical order.
b. Isomer alkanes
The
isomer is a compound having the same molecular formula, but the structure
formula is different. The lowest alkane compound which can have isomers is
butane (C4 H10).
c. The properties of
alkanes
1) Physical properties
1. Alkanes are nonpolar
compounds.
2. The alkanes of a
straight chain at room temperature vary.
3. The higher the
number of carbon atoms, the higher the boiling point.
4. The existence of a
branch chain on alkane compounds decreases its boiling point.
5. Soluble in nonpolar
solvents (CCl4) or slightly polar (diethyl ether or benzene) and insoluble in
water.
6. Alkane lighter than
water.
2) Chemical properties
1. Alkanes and
cycloalkanes are not reactive, quite stable when compared with other organic
compounds. Because less reactive, alkanes are sometimes called paraffins
(derived from Latin: parum affins, which means "very small
affinities").
2. Alkanes can react
with halogens, one of the H atoms replaced by a halogen. The reaction with the
halogen is called a halogenated reaction and produces an alkyl halide.
Example: CH4 + Cl 2 →
CH3 Cl + HCl
3. Alkanes can be
completely burned to produce CO2 and H2O.
Example: CH4 + 2O2 →
CO2 + 2H2O
2. Alkene
Alkene
is an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound with a double bond (-C = C-). The
simplest alkene is ethene, C2H4. The general formula of C2H2n alkenes. The
following table presents the homologous series of alkenes.
a. The
name of the alkenes
1)
straight chain alkene
Duplicated carbon atoms
(C = C) are numbered indicating the double bond. Numbering starts from the end
of the chain closest to the double bond.
2) Alkene with
branching chains
1. The main chain is
the longest chain and contains double bonds.
2. The main chain
numbering starts from the closest to the double bond, not the nearest branch.
3. Order sequence name:
branch number, branch name, double bond number, name of alkenes.
3) Alkene with more
than one double bond
If the alkene has more
than one double bond, its name is given an additional diene (for two double
bonds) or trienes (for three double bonds).
b. Alkaline isomers
The lowest alkene
having the isomer is butene (C4H8). Alkene has two types of isomers as follows.
1) Isomer position
Position isomers are
compounds of the same molecular formula, but have different atomic
arrangements. Alkanes have only one type of position isomer, but alkene has two
types of atomic arrangement changes:
1. Positional isomers
in which position changes are experienced by double bonds,
2. position isomers in
which position changes are experienced by the branch chain.
2) Geometric isomers
Geometric
isomers make double bonds as axes. The geometrical isomeric condition of a
double bonded C atom must bind two different atomic groups.
c. Alkene properties
1) Physical
properties
Alkene has the same
physical properties as alkanes. The difference is that alkene is slightly
soluble in water. This is due to the existence of the double bond forming the
bond S. The S bond will be withdrawn by hydrogen from partially charged water.
2) Chemical Properties
a) Oxidation
As with most
hydrocarbons, alkene burning / oxidation will also produce CO2 and H2O.
b) Addition of H2
The adduct reaction is
a double bond termination reaction. In the addition of alkenes, the double bond
is transformed into a single bond.
c) Addition of halogens
(F2, Br2, I2)
The adduct reaction by
halogens will break the multilayered chain of alkenes forming alkanes.
Furthermore the halogen will become the branch / substituent of the alkane
formed
c) Addition of acid halides
Addition
with the halide acid will break the double bond on alkenes to alkanes following
the Markovnikof rule. The H atom of the acid halide will be attached to the
carbon atom of the unsymmetrical alkene having the largest H atom. If the
double-bonded C atom has the same amount of H, the halide will be attached to
the longest C atom. CH3 CH = CHCH3 → double bonds divide equal number of C
atoms and symmetrical H → atoms CH3CH 2CH = CH2 → double bond does not divide
as much as C and H → asymmetry
The
difference between alkanes and alkenes is
·
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which
means they are compounds with a single bond between the atoms The alkenes are
unsaturated hydrocarbons which means they are compounds with one or more double
bonds / one or more triple bonds between the carbon atoms.
·
Alkanes are stable hydrocarbons because
carbon bonds are difficult to solve
·
Alkena less satbil from alkana.
·
Alkanes are also called paraffins.
·
Alkene is also called olefin.
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Why Alkanes and cycloalkanes are not reactive?
BalasHapusAlkana and cyclo alkanes are less reactive these things that do not have double bonds, so binding saturation and can not be reaksikan lagi.Keyaktifan kimiawai Alkana Alkana contain a strong single C-C bond and strong C-H bonds. The C-H bond has a very low polarity because there are no molecules that carry significant positive or negative ions to attract other molecules. By it alkanes have a fairly limited reaction. Some things that can be done on alkanes: alkanes can be burned, this destroys all the molecules; Alkanes can be reacted with several halogenendules of C-H bonds; Alkanes can be broken down, with a bonding bond C-C. The reaction Sicoalkanes have reactivity very similar to alkanes, except for very small cycloalkanes - especially cyclopropane. Cyclopropane is much more reactive than you might think. The reason is because of the bond angles in the ring. Normally, carbon carbon forms four single bonds, the bond angles are about 109.5 °. At this cyclopropane is 60 °. With adjacent electron pairs, there is resistance to rejection between electron pairs that connect carbon atoms. This makes the bonds easier to break.
HapusWhat if alkanes and alkenes react with metals ?
BalasHapusOne form of alkane compound can be reacted with the metal is an alkane compound can react with Mg metal to form a grignard sennyawa
HapusExplain why alkene is less stable than alkanes? And why is alkane called paraffin?
BalasHapusThe alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which means they are compounds with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms. The particular alkene is those unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least one double bond. They are represented by the chemical formula CnH2n in general when there are no other functional groups. They are also called olefins. Alkene has pi bonds between carbon atoms, and when subjected to a lot of reactions breaking pi bonds in order to form a single bond so that they are more reactive than alkanes but less stable than alkanes.
HapusAlkanes are called paraffins because alkanes are hydrocarbons whose C chain consists only of a single covalent bond. Often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons, because the number of Hydrogen atoms in each molecule is maximized.
The main characteristic of the alkane that distinguishes it from other carbon-hydrogen compounds is the saturated alkane. Because it is saturated, the alkana compound does not contain double bonds between the carbon atoms. The compound having a double bond will be highly reactive.
What is the use of alkanes and alkenes?
BalasHapusIn general, alkanes are useful as fuel and raw materials in the petrochemical industry.
HapusMethane; Useful as fuel for cooking, and chemical raw materials such as H2 and NH3.
Ethane; Useful as a fuel for cooking and as a refrigerant in a two-stage cooling system for low temperatures.
Propane; Is the main component of LPG gas for cooking and raw materials of organic compounds.
Butane; Useful as vehicle fuel and synthesis rubber raw materials.
Octana; Is the main component of motor vehicle fuel, that is gasoline.
Use of Alkene
Etena; Used as raw material for making polythene plastic (PE).
Propene, used to make plastics Some uses of monomers and polymers, ie polymers for making synthetic fibers and cooking utensils.
Please specify what kind of substituent alkanes?
BalasHapusIn the substitution reaction there is a change or exchange of an atom / atomic group by
HapusAtoms or other clusters.
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl methyl chloride
(Chloromethane)
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl methyl dichloride
(Dichloromethane)
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl 3 + HCl methyl trichloride
(Trichloromethane)
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl carbon tetrachloride
(Tetrachloromethane)
CnH2n + 2 + X2 → CnH2n + 1X + HX