using english classify:the composition of matter in chemistry

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Definition, Nature Material, material changes and material classification

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All the objects that we encounter arranged by the material. The greater the mass of an object, the more the material and vice versa. The mass is the amount of a substance or material contained in an object. A material of any nature there are three forms, namely solid, liquid, gas. Based on the latest research results appear four states of matter which is plasma. material classification Scientists classify the material into two groups:
1. single substances (elements and compounds)

2. mix

A. ATOM

The atom is a basic unit of matter, made up of nuclei and negatively charged electron cloud surrounding it. Atomic nucleus consists of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the atomic nuclei of hydrogen-1, which has no neutrons).

B. ELEMENTS

Concept: An element is a single substance that can not be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical reaction. The material is composed of several constituent particles. Scientists classify substances or materials into two groups: single substances and mixtures. Elements and compounds included in the class of single substances. Well, what is meant by the elements? The element is composed of metal and non-metal. Pure substances have properties that distinguish with other substances. For example, hydrogen elements are composed of hydrogen atoms alone. Oxygen Elements are composed of atoms of oxygen alone. The nature of oxygen and hydrogen do not appear on the substances formed of both, eg, water (H2O). In nature there are 92 kinds of natural elements, while the rest are artificial elements. The total number of elements in the universe of approximately 106 kinds of elements. Elements are grouped into three (3) sections, namely:

1. Metallic elements

In general, the metal element has properties glossy white, has a low melting point, can conduct electricity, malleable and can conduct heat or hot. In general the metal is solid, but there is one element that is a liquid metal mercury. Some metal elements which are useful in everyday life, such as:

a. Chromium (Cr) Used for bumper cars, and mix with the steel into stainless steel.
b. Iron (Fe) It is the most inexpensive metal, as a mixture with carbon produces steel for the construction of buildings, cars and railways.

c. Nickel (Ni) Nickel solid, highly resistant to air and water at ordinary temperatures, therefore, nickel is used as a protective layer by means of gilded.
d. Copper (Cu) Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, jewelry and coins. A mixture of copper with tin produces bronze, while a mixture of copper with zinc produce brass.

e. Zinc (Zn) Zinc can be used as the roof of the house, household utensils, and iron coatings to prevent rust.

f. Platinum (Pt) of platinum is used in automobile exhaust, electrical contacts, and in the medical field as security for a broken bone.

g. Gold (Au) Gold is a highly reactive metal, and is found in pure form. Gold is used as jewelry and high quality electrical components. Mix gold with silver coins are widely used as ingredients.

2. The non-metal elements

In general, non-metallic elements have properties not shiny, a poor conductor of electrical current, and can not be forged. In general, non-metals are poor conductors of heat, but there is one non-metallic elements that can conduct heat well, namely graphite. Some non-metallic elements that are useful in everyday life, such as:

a.       Fluorine (F) fluoride compounds are mixed with toothpaste serves to strengthen teeth, Freon - 12 as a refrigerant refrigerators and air conditioners.

b.      Bromine (Br) of bromine compounds are used as a nerve sedative, photographic film, and mixed materials fire extinguishing agent

c.       Iodine (I) Iodine Compounds used as an antiseptic wound, extra iodine in table salt, and as the test material starch (carbohydrate) in the flour industry

3. The semi-metallic element (Metalloids)

Semi-metallic element has properties between metals and non-metals. Some semi-metal element that is useful in everyday life, such as:

a.       Silicon (Si) are the second highest in nature, after oxygen, ie 28% of the earth's crust. The silicon compound widely used in cutting and sanding equipment, for semi-conductors, as well as materials to make glass and ceramics.

b.      Germanium (Ge) The presence of germanium in nature very little, obtained from coal and zinc rock slab. Germanium is a semiconductor material, which at low temperatures serves as an insulator, while at higher temperatures as the conductor

A chemist named Demitri Mendleev (1834 ~ 1907) propose the composition of the table the elements of the periodic system. How the name and symbols of elements written? The number of elements found in nature is quite difficult for us to remember the name of the element. Therefore, we need a procedure to help us remember the name of the element.

Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779 ~ 1848), introduced the manner of writing the name and symbols of the elements, namely:

1.      Each element is represented by a single letter is taken from the initial letters of the name of the element.

2.      Coat the elements written in capital letters.

3.      For the elements that have the same initial letter, the writing is distinguished name by adding one letter behind and lowercase.
Example: Carbon Element is written C, oxygen was written O, written Aluminum Al, Calcium written Ca.

Concept: A compound is a combination of several elements that are formed through a chemical reaction. Compounds have properties that are different constituent elements. For example, two atoms of hydrogen with one atom of oxygen can combine to form molecules of water (H2O). Hydrogen is a very light gas and flammable, whereas oxygen is gas contained in the air which is indispensable body for combustion. It seems clear that the properties of water vary with the nature of hydrogen and oxygen. Another example is a compound of salt (NaCl). Salt prepared by the elements sodium and chlorine elements. Sodium has a light metallic properties, while chlorine is a toxic gas. These two elements are combined to form salt in the form of minerals that are needed by our bodies.

C. COMPOUND

The compound includes a single substance that is composed of several elements with a fixed mass ratio. In nature, there are approximately 10 million compounds. Water (H2O) is the most abundant compounds in nature. How compounds manner of writing? The compound is written in the form of a chemical formula. Its chemical formula is a substance composed of a collection of symbols of elements with a particular composition. The composition is a number that states the number of constituent atoms (index number). For example, a compound consisting of atoms of the element sodium (Na) and atoms of chlorine (Cl). If the index number of atoms of each element is 1 and 1, the chemical formula of compounds formed as follows: The index number Na = 1, the index number Cl = 1, so the chemical formula of the compound was NaCl (sodium chloride).

D. MIXED

Concept: A mixture is a combination of several substances in the ratio does not remain without a chemical reaction. When you make a drink of tea, what are the mixed substance? When you dissolve the salt or sugar into a glass of water, what can you observe? Well, consider the following explanation! In everyday life we ​​encounter many mix. For example, river water, soil, air, food, beverage, saline solution, sugar solutions, etc. The original nature of the mixture forming substances, there can still be distinguished from each other, some are indistinguishable. In the air mixed some elements in the form of gas, among others: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases. The fresh air that we breathe contains more oxygen than the air that is polluted. In the air is also composed of several compounds, among others: the smoke and deb

Differences Blends and Compounds The mixture was divided into two parts, namely:

1.      Mixed Homogeneous

This mixture of two or more substances that the particles making indistinguishable called homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixture is often referred to with the solution. Examples of homogeneous mix, among others: a mixture of water with sugar called sugar solution, a mixture of water with salt called a salt solution. The size of particles in solution have a diameter of approximately 0.000000001 m, and can not be seen with a microscope. Some examples of the above homogeneous mixture is a mixture between the liquid. Is there a mix between metal, thus forming a homogeneous mixture? There is a mixture of metals with other metals to form a homogeneous mixture. For example, stainless steel is widely used for medical equipment and household. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel. Do you know the gold is a homogeneous mixture? Metal mixing is done by melting the metals. One metal alloys with other metals called alloys. Pure gold is a soft metal, flexible. In order for gold to be hard so it was hard to be bent, so pure gold is mixed with other metals, namely copper. Jewelry sold had levels of 22 karat, 20 karat or 18 karat. What that means? Pure gold has a content of 24 carats, while gold that has been mixed with copper metal levels 22 karat, 20 karat or 18 karat. The less the gold content that is owned, the more the content of copper in the gold. Sometimes in a mixture of gold and copper was mixed again with silver. This is done in order to add attractive appearance of the gold. The mix of gold, copper and silver produces white gold commonly called white gold.
Type a homogeneous mixture of, among others: the gas in the gas mixture, the gas mixture in a liquid, the gas mixture in a solid, a liquid mixture in a liquid, and a mixture of solids in liquids. Try to classify substances around you which includes a homogeneous mix!

2.      Heterogeneous mixture

This mixture of two or more kinds of substances constituent particles can still be distinguished from each other is called a heterogeneous mixture. Examples of heterogeneous mix: land, river water, food, beverage, sea water, dough, dough cast concrete, etc. In a heterogeneous mixture of substances between the barrier wall can still be seen, for example, a mixture of water and oil, a mixture of iron and sand, a mixture of iron

powder and water, etc. In the heterogeneous mixture divided into two parts, namely:

a. Colloid

 The particles in the colloid can be seen only with a microscope ultra. The particle size of between 0.5 m s.d 1 mm. Examples of colloid: milk, smoke, fog, gelatin.

b.      suspension

The particles in the suspension can only be seen with a regular microscope. The particle size of greater than 0.3 m. Sample suspension: oil and water, muddy water, and lime.

DIFFERENCES IN MIXED AND COMPOUND

Compound	Mixed
Formed By Chemical Reaction	Formed Through Without Chemical Reaction
Massaunsur Comparison Compounds And Equipment	Massaunsur Comparison And Compound Non-Permanent
Composed Of Several Ingredients	Composed Of Several Elements Or Some Compounds
Nature Of The Development Of Compounds With Different Part Of Their	Part Properties Properties Development Of Mixed In Accordance With Their Respective
Through The Development Process Chemical Compounds Be Excluded Components	Physical Part Through The Development Of Mixed Be Excluded