using english to show cause and effect

CAUSE AND EFFECT 

Characteristics of Chemical Reaction | In Chemical Reactions other than marked by the occurrence of sediment can also be marked by the change of color, temperature change, or gas formation. Chemical Reaction Has 4 Characteristic Namely As follows ...

1. Chemical reactions that produce precipitate

2. Chemical Reactions that cause Color Changes

3. Chemical Reactions that Produce Gas

4. Chemical Reactions Resulting in Temperature Changes

A.    Definition of cause And Effect

Cause and effect is a text that writes about the analysis of a writer to provide a learning that has several causes and consequences. Because the analyzed may be two or more and the other is the result. Cause and effect usually exists in academic writing (academic writing) rather than in writing kraetif (creative writing). Often the author requires a clear analysis to determine the cause and effect for the authors to avoid errors in the preparation. This paragraph begins with the causes described at the beginning of the sentence and then drawn into a general conclusion that is the result of the causes - the causes that have been described.

     B.   Generic Structure

The cause and effect paragraph has the following structure or generic structure:

1. Have a main idea on the topic of sentence that will be discussed in the whole paragraph.

2. Having supporting details or supporting sentences in the form of causes.

3. Ends with concluding sentence or inferred conclusion.

C. Language Form

The cause and effect paragraph has the following language styles.

1. Using tenses that are bound to the context of time in a sentence, in other words, can be past tense, present tense, or future tense.

2. Many use verbs or verbs in active and passive sentences.

3. Using transitions such as, due to, because, consequently, as a result, and causes.

4. Using third person point of view.

D. CHEMICAL REACTION

Chemical reactions are a natural process that always results in the conversion of chemical compounds. The compounds or the starting compounds involved in the reaction are referred to as reactants.

Factors Affecting Chemical Reactions

ü Particle Size

The size of the reactant particles greatly influences the rate of chemical reactions. The smaller the size of the reactant particles, the faster the reactant reacts. The larger the size of the reactant particles, the longer it takes to react.

ü Temperature

The higher the temperature of the solution, the easier the soluble substance in the solution. This is due to high temperatures, the particles move faster so that the collision between particles more. Thus, the higher the reaction temperature, the faster the reaction takes place.

ü Properties of Substances

Each substance has different properties. In chemical reactions, the properties of the substance to note include the melting point, boiling point, freezing point, flammable or toxic.

ü Stirring

Chemical reactions occur when particles collide. The rate of reaction increases if there are more collisions every second. Stirring keeps particles of matter moving and in contact with other particles so that a reaction can run quickly.

ü Substance Content

Higher levels of substances have many solute particles. The more particles of solute move, the more particles collide. The number of colliding particles makes the chemical reaction run faster.

E. CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Chemical change is a change that changes the identity of matter in a matter. In the chemical change formed a new substance.

1. Chemical Reactions Produce Sludge

Occurrence of carbonate compounds at the bottom of the pan when boiling water. When lime water is blown, there will be a reaction between lime water and carbon dioxide from the breath. The occurrence of the reaction can be observed the formation of white calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that settles on the bottom of the glass if left for a while.

2. Chemical Reactions Produce Color Changes

Apples that are cut and left for a while, over time will be Turn brown. This color change indicates that the chemicals in apples have reacted with oxygen in the air. The reaction between the starch starch solution with iodine tintur can be known from the color change that occurs. Clear color starch solution, iodine is brown. From the color change. Household tools made of metal, these objects will gradually change color.

3. Chemical Reactions Produce Gas

In everyday life, many of us encounter marked chemical reactions With the formation of gas. When the carbide is mixed with water, it will Produce carbide gas. This gas is generally used for purposes Metal welding.

 4. Chemical Reactions Lead to Temperature Changes

A firecracker explosion is the result of a chemical reaction. All reactions always

Involving energy, some reactions absorb energy and some are releasing energy. The energy that accompanies the chemical reaction is heat, light, sound, or electrical energy. A chemical reaction that produces energy is called an exothermic reaction. If the energy is hot, it can tell by measuring its temperature rise. The combustion reaction is an example of an exothermic reaction.

F. Radioaktif

Effects and Effects caused by radiation of radioactive substances on humanity as follows:

1. Dizziness

2. Appetite is reduced or lost

3. Diarrhea occurs

4. Hot body or fever

5. Weight loss

6. Cancer of blood or leukemia

7. Increased heart rate or pulse

8. The immune system is reduced so susceptible to diseases caused by white blood cells are reduced in number

Some kind of radioactive waste Types of radioactive waste:

 In terms of magnitude of activity is divided into high activity waste, medium activity and low activity.

 From age to divide into long-life waste, half-life and short-life waste.

 From the physical form is divided into solid, liquid and gas wastes.

1. Burning

The combustion reaction is essentially the reaction of a substance with an oxidizing agent, usually oxygen. Combustion reactions are widely used for various purposes of both household, industry, and transfortation.

Example: combustion reaction of methane gas contained in LPG.

CH₄ (g) + 2O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O (g)

2. Metal processing of the ore

Most of the metal is obtained by reducing the ore.

Example: processing of iron ore.

Fe₃O₃ (s) + 3CO (g) → 2 Fe (s) + 3CO₂ (g)

3. The bleaching process

Bleach is a compound that can be used to remove the color of objects, such as on textiles, hair, and paper. Color removal takes place through oxidation reactions. The commonly used oxidizers are sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).

4. Coating metal with other metals

Metal coating using electricity is known as electroplating. Electroplating is usually done on reactive metals that are durable, avoid corrosion, and have an attractive appearance. For example the spoon and fork eat coated by nickel metal or car bumper lined with chromium metal.

5. Food preservation

Foodstuffs can be damaged by oxidation. For example, butter and vegetable oil if left long will smell rancid. To avoid the oxidation process in foodstuffs can be added antioxidant substances, such as BHA and BHT.

6. Making biogas

At the time of aerobic bacteria work oxidation reaction occurs, while at the time of anaerobic bacteria work reduction reaction occurs. Anaerobic bacteria can be used to reduce organic compounds to be used in biogas manufacturing processes. Making biogas that produce methane gas (CH₄) is done in a closed place with raw materials of animal waste.

7. Treatment of liquid waste with active sludge

Liquid waste processing is done through three stages, namely physical, chemical, and biological processing. Biological processing is done by utilizing microorganisms as waste decomposition agents. These microorganisms are obtained by utilizing active sludge work. Examples of reactions that occur in the decomposition of H₂S are as follows.

2H₂S (g) + O₂ (g) → 2S (s) + 2H₂O (l)

This decomposition smells like rotten eggs.

8. Commercial Volta cells

Volta cells are a source of ready-made electrical energy that is packaged in form and size according to usability. The Volta cell consists of the anode and cathode electrodes-the site of the redox reaction. Both of these electrodes are immersed in chemicals that act as mediums of electric current and as oxidizing agents or reducing agents.

Do you know?

Corrosion, adverse redox reactions

Corrosion or corrosion is an event of the erosion of metal by other substances, such as iron by air. In everyday life, corrosion can be found in buildings, transportation equipment, or electronic equipment using certain metal components such as zinc, copper, or iron. Zinc used as roof of the building can experience leakage due to corrosion. Iron for the fence can also be corrosive.

Several ways can be done to inhibit the process of corrosion of metals, especially iron, by painting, coated with other metals, connected to metals such as Mg (cathodic protection), or reduced contact with oxygen eg oil smeared

Example

The color change of the shirt is caused by a chemical reaction between the detergent and the shirt

literatture

http://www.tutorialbahasainggris.com/pengertian-struktur-dan-contoh-cause-and-effect-dalam-bahasa-inggris.htmlhttp://fisikazone.com/faktor-faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-reaksi-kimia/http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2015/07/pengertian-struktur-dan-contoh-cause-and-effect-dalam-bahasa-inggris.htmlhttp://kacamatatmtkb.blogspot.co.id/2016/03/penerapan-reaksi-redoks-dalam-kehidupan.html

using english to compare : the elements

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

(SAME AND DIFFERENCE

1.  Compare

compare is looking for similarities between two or more of a case. in chemistry usually compared to the equation is that there are elements In nature both metallic and non-metallic. examples of calcium and magnesium equation

CALCIUM

MAGNESIUM

2. Contrast

contrast is also a comparison between two or more of a case. 

were compared in contrast is the difference.

for example, the difference between the chemical elements such as potassium and strontium.

potassium

     strontium

NATURE OF PERIODIC ELEMENTS

1. ATOM FINGERS

The image in this bawwah shows the data of atomic radius. The radius of the atom is the distance of the outer electron to the nucleus of the atom and shows the size of an atom. The radius of the atom is difficult to measure so that the measurements of the radius of the atom are done by measuring the distance between the two nuclei of each other's bonded atom. In one class, the radius of the atoms increasingly upward tend to be smaller. This happens because the more up, the smaller the electron shell. In one period, the right to the radius of the atom tends to be smaller. This happens because the more to the right the number of protons and the number of electrons increases while the number of outer shells filled with electrons remains the same so that the pull of the nucleus to the electrons is stronger.

2. KEELEKTRONEGATIFAN

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons. The relative price of electrogens is relative (a price comparison of an atom to another atom). One definition of electronegativity is Pauling's definition of quantitative-scale data. The trend of electronegative values ​​of elements In one class, the price of electronegativity from the bottom up is greater. In one period, from left to right the greater the price of electronegativity. The price of the electronegativity is important to determine the oxidation number (oxidation) of the element in a compound. If the price of electronegativity is large, the corresponding elements tend to accept electrons and form a negative oxidation number. If the price of electronegativity is small, the cenderun element releases the electrons and forms a positive oxidation number. The number of bonded atoms depends on the valence electrons (to be discussed in the chemical bond section). Thus the periodic nature of the element, the electronegativity is a number that describes the relative tendency of an element to attract an electron to its side in a chemical bond.

3. ENERGY IONIZATION (EI)

The ionisation energy is the minimum energy required of the neutral atom in the form of a gas to release an outer (weakest attached) electron to form a positive ion. The release of the second electron (from the positive ion one) is called the second ionisation energy, the release of a third electron is called the third ionization energy, and so on. Stages of electron discharges can be described as follows:

M (g) → M + (g) + e- Ei-1

M + (g) → M2 + (g) + e- Ei-2

The price of ionisation energy is affected by the radius of the atom and the number of valence electrons or nuclear charge. The smaller the radius of the atom, the price of ionization energy will be greater. The larger the nuclear charge, the energy of the ions will tend to increase.

4. ELECTRONIC AFITITY

Electron affinity is the energy liberated by one atom in the form of a gas when it receives an electron. The price of electron affinity is difficult to determine directly.

5. METAL AND NONLOGAM PROPERTIES

Chemically, metallic properties are associated with electropositive, ie the tendency of atoms to release electrons to form positive ions. Thus, the properties of the metal will depend on the ionization energy. The greater the ionisation energy, to release the electrons, and the less the metal properties. In contrast, non-metallic properties are associated with electronegativity, ie the tendency of atoms to attract electrons. In accordance with the tendency of ionization and electronegativity energy discussed above, the metallic and nonmetal properties in the periodic system of elements are as follows:

1. From left to right in a period, the metal properties decreases, while its non-metamic properties increase.

2. From top to bottom in one class, the nature of the metal increases, while the non-metallic properties decreases.

Thus, the metal element lies in the lower-left part of the periodic system of elements, while the non-metallic element lies on the right-top. However, the most non-metamic is the VIIA group, not the VIIIA group. The element located in the middle, the element located in the boundary between the metal and non-metal, has a metal and non-metallic properties. These elements are called metalloids. Examples are boron and silicon.

6. KEREAKTIFAN (EASY TO APPLY)

The reactivity of an element depends on its tendency to release or attract electrons. Thus, the most reactive metal element is group IA (alkali metal), whereas the most reactive non-metal is the VIIA group (halogen). From left to right in one period, first the clarity decreases and then increases to the VIIA group. Group VIIIA is not reactive.

DOUBLE BUBLE MAPS
·         What are the similar and different qualities of these things?
·         What qualities of each thing correspond to one another? In what way? 
·         Thinking process:
ü  This map is useful in comparing and contrasting two
ü  things. It allows for qualities that are shared to be placed in
ü  between the two items while differences are placed on the
ü  outside of the items.
ü  Unlike the bubble map, the words in the circles do not
ü  need to be limited to adjectives. You may use any words or
ü  phrases that are appropriate.
ü  Color coding the similarities/differences may make the
ü  relationships more obvious to see.
·         How to create this map:
ü  Near the center of your work space write the names of the two things that are being described. 
Each item should be in its own circle with space between the circles for details.
ü  In the middle of the two things being compared, write the common qualities.
 Each quality should have its own circle and 
should be connected with a line to the original item circles.
ü  On the outside of each original circle, 
you should write descriptions that are unique to each item.
 Every idea should each have its own circle and should only be connected with
 a line to what it describes.
Aurum (GOLD ) vs Argentum ( SILVER )

Comparebetween Gold and Silver are :







ü  Gold same like Silver they both are Metal


ü  We know they are element of group transitoin


ü  They are shining


ü  Gold same like Silver they are jewellery


ü  Gold as solid as Silver






















Contrastbetween Gold and Silver are :







ü  The Gold colour contras with The Silver colour.



 Because the colour of  aurum gold while the argentums silver


ü  argentums  is not aslimited as aurum


ü  aurum  more heavy than argentum



ü  The atomic number of aurum  higher than argentum



ü  aurum  more expensive than argentum

using english classify:the composition of matter in chemistry

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Definition, Nature Material, material changes and material classification

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All the objects that we encounter arranged by the material. The greater the mass of an object, the more the material and vice versa. The mass is the amount of a substance or material contained in an object. A material of any nature there are three forms, namely solid, liquid, gas. Based on the latest research results appear four states of matter which is plasma. material classification Scientists classify the material into two groups:
1. single substances (elements and compounds)

2. mix

A. ATOM

The atom is a basic unit of matter, made up of nuclei and negatively charged electron cloud surrounding it. Atomic nucleus consists of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the atomic nuclei of hydrogen-1, which has no neutrons).

B. ELEMENTS

Concept: An element is a single substance that can not be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical reaction. The material is composed of several constituent particles. Scientists classify substances or materials into two groups: single substances and mixtures. Elements and compounds included in the class of single substances. Well, what is meant by the elements? The element is composed of metal and non-metal. Pure substances have properties that distinguish with other substances. For example, hydrogen elements are composed of hydrogen atoms alone. Oxygen Elements are composed of atoms of oxygen alone. The nature of oxygen and hydrogen do not appear on the substances formed of both, eg, water (H2O). In nature there are 92 kinds of natural elements, while the rest are artificial elements. The total number of elements in the universe of approximately 106 kinds of elements. Elements are grouped into three (3) sections, namely:

1. Metallic elements

In general, the metal element has properties glossy white, has a low melting point, can conduct electricity, malleable and can conduct heat or hot. In general the metal is solid, but there is one element that is a liquid metal mercury. Some metal elements which are useful in everyday life, such as:

a. Chromium (Cr) Used for bumper cars, and mix with the steel into stainless steel.
b. Iron (Fe) It is the most inexpensive metal, as a mixture with carbon produces steel for the construction of buildings, cars and railways.

c. Nickel (Ni) Nickel solid, highly resistant to air and water at ordinary temperatures, therefore, nickel is used as a protective layer by means of gilded.
d. Copper (Cu) Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, jewelry and coins. A mixture of copper with tin produces bronze, while a mixture of copper with zinc produce brass.

e. Zinc (Zn) Zinc can be used as the roof of the house, household utensils, and iron coatings to prevent rust.

f. Platinum (Pt) of platinum is used in automobile exhaust, electrical contacts, and in the medical field as security for a broken bone.

g. Gold (Au) Gold is a highly reactive metal, and is found in pure form. Gold is used as jewelry and high quality electrical components. Mix gold with silver coins are widely used as ingredients.

2. The non-metal elements

In general, non-metallic elements have properties not shiny, a poor conductor of electrical current, and can not be forged. In general, non-metals are poor conductors of heat, but there is one non-metallic elements that can conduct heat well, namely graphite. Some non-metallic elements that are useful in everyday life, such as:

a.       Fluorine (F) fluoride compounds are mixed with toothpaste serves to strengthen teeth, Freon - 12 as a refrigerant refrigerators and air conditioners.

b.      Bromine (Br) of bromine compounds are used as a nerve sedative, photographic film, and mixed materials fire extinguishing agent

c.       Iodine (I) Iodine Compounds used as an antiseptic wound, extra iodine in table salt, and as the test material starch (carbohydrate) in the flour industry

3. The semi-metallic element (Metalloids)

Semi-metallic element has properties between metals and non-metals. Some semi-metal element that is useful in everyday life, such as:

a.       Silicon (Si) are the second highest in nature, after oxygen, ie 28% of the earth's crust. The silicon compound widely used in cutting and sanding equipment, for semi-conductors, as well as materials to make glass and ceramics.

b.      Germanium (Ge) The presence of germanium in nature very little, obtained from coal and zinc rock slab. Germanium is a semiconductor material, which at low temperatures serves as an insulator, while at higher temperatures as the conductor

A chemist named Demitri Mendleev (1834 ~ 1907) propose the composition of the table the elements of the periodic system. How the name and symbols of elements written? The number of elements found in nature is quite difficult for us to remember the name of the element. Therefore, we need a procedure to help us remember the name of the element.

Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779 ~ 1848), introduced the manner of writing the name and symbols of the elements, namely:

1.      Each element is represented by a single letter is taken from the initial letters of the name of the element.

2.      Coat the elements written in capital letters.

3.      For the elements that have the same initial letter, the writing is distinguished name by adding one letter behind and lowercase.
Example: Carbon Element is written C, oxygen was written O, written Aluminum Al, Calcium written Ca.

Concept: A compound is a combination of several elements that are formed through a chemical reaction. Compounds have properties that are different constituent elements. For example, two atoms of hydrogen with one atom of oxygen can combine to form molecules of water (H2O). Hydrogen is a very light gas and flammable, whereas oxygen is gas contained in the air which is indispensable body for combustion. It seems clear that the properties of water vary with the nature of hydrogen and oxygen. Another example is a compound of salt (NaCl). Salt prepared by the elements sodium and chlorine elements. Sodium has a light metallic properties, while chlorine is a toxic gas. These two elements are combined to form salt in the form of minerals that are needed by our bodies.

C. COMPOUND

The compound includes a single substance that is composed of several elements with a fixed mass ratio. In nature, there are approximately 10 million compounds. Water (H2O) is the most abundant compounds in nature. How compounds manner of writing? The compound is written in the form of a chemical formula. Its chemical formula is a substance composed of a collection of symbols of elements with a particular composition. The composition is a number that states the number of constituent atoms (index number). For example, a compound consisting of atoms of the element sodium (Na) and atoms of chlorine (Cl). If the index number of atoms of each element is 1 and 1, the chemical formula of compounds formed as follows: The index number Na = 1, the index number Cl = 1, so the chemical formula of the compound was NaCl (sodium chloride).

D. MIXED

Concept: A mixture is a combination of several substances in the ratio does not remain without a chemical reaction. When you make a drink of tea, what are the mixed substance? When you dissolve the salt or sugar into a glass of water, what can you observe? Well, consider the following explanation! In everyday life we ​​encounter many mix. For example, river water, soil, air, food, beverage, saline solution, sugar solutions, etc. The original nature of the mixture forming substances, there can still be distinguished from each other, some are indistinguishable. In the air mixed some elements in the form of gas, among others: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases. The fresh air that we breathe contains more oxygen than the air that is polluted. In the air is also composed of several compounds, among others: the smoke and deb

Differences Blends and Compounds The mixture was divided into two parts, namely:

1.      Mixed Homogeneous

This mixture of two or more substances that the particles making indistinguishable called homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixture is often referred to with the solution. Examples of homogeneous mix, among others: a mixture of water with sugar called sugar solution, a mixture of water with salt called a salt solution. The size of particles in solution have a diameter of approximately 0.000000001 m, and can not be seen with a microscope. Some examples of the above homogeneous mixture is a mixture between the liquid. Is there a mix between metal, thus forming a homogeneous mixture? There is a mixture of metals with other metals to form a homogeneous mixture. For example, stainless steel is widely used for medical equipment and household. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel. Do you know the gold is a homogeneous mixture? Metal mixing is done by melting the metals. One metal alloys with other metals called alloys. Pure gold is a soft metal, flexible. In order for gold to be hard so it was hard to be bent, so pure gold is mixed with other metals, namely copper. Jewelry sold had levels of 22 karat, 20 karat or 18 karat. What that means? Pure gold has a content of 24 carats, while gold that has been mixed with copper metal levels 22 karat, 20 karat or 18 karat. The less the gold content that is owned, the more the content of copper in the gold. Sometimes in a mixture of gold and copper was mixed again with silver. This is done in order to add attractive appearance of the gold. The mix of gold, copper and silver produces white gold commonly called white gold.
Type a homogeneous mixture of, among others: the gas in the gas mixture, the gas mixture in a liquid, the gas mixture in a solid, a liquid mixture in a liquid, and a mixture of solids in liquids. Try to classify substances around you which includes a homogeneous mix!

2.      Heterogeneous mixture

This mixture of two or more kinds of substances constituent particles can still be distinguished from each other is called a heterogeneous mixture. Examples of heterogeneous mix: land, river water, food, beverage, sea water, dough, dough cast concrete, etc. In a heterogeneous mixture of substances between the barrier wall can still be seen, for example, a mixture of water and oil, a mixture of iron and sand, a mixture of iron

powder and water, etc. In the heterogeneous mixture divided into two parts, namely:

a. Colloid

 The particles in the colloid can be seen only with a microscope ultra. The particle size of between 0.5 m s.d 1 mm. Examples of colloid: milk, smoke, fog, gelatin.

b.      suspension

The particles in the suspension can only be seen with a regular microscope. The particle size of greater than 0.3 m. Sample suspension: oil and water, muddy water, and lime.

DIFFERENCES IN MIXED AND COMPOUND

Compound	Mixed
Formed By Chemical Reaction	Formed Through Without Chemical Reaction
Massaunsur Comparison Compounds And Equipment	Massaunsur Comparison And Compound Non-Permanent
Composed Of Several Ingredients	Composed Of Several Elements Or Some Compounds
Nature Of The Development Of Compounds With Different Part Of Their	Part Properties Properties Development Of Mixed In Accordance With Their Respective
Through The Development Process Chemical Compounds Be Excluded Components	Physical Part Through The Development Of Mixed Be Excluded